Biodiversity Information Science and Standards :
Conference Abstract
|
Corresponding author: Maria Chuvochina (m.chuvochina@gmail.com)
Received: 14 Aug 2023 | Published: 16 Aug 2023
© 2023 Maria Chuvochina, Christian Rinke, Aaron Mussig, Pierre-Alain Chaumeil, Donovan Parks, Philip Hugenholtz
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Chuvochina M, Rinke C, Mussig AJ, Chaumeil P-A, Parks DH, Hugenholtz P (2023) Genome Taxonomy Database and SeqCode: Microbial Taxonomy and Nomenclature in the Age of Big Sequence Data. Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 7: e111135. https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.7.111135
|
|
Microbial taxonomy and nomenclature have been challenged by methodological advances in high-throughput sequencing and high-performance computing. While taxonomy appears to adapt rapidly and has benefited enormously from the availability of whole-genome sequences, nomenclature still struggles to embrace these changes. Here, we present two independent initiatives that have resulted from the transitions of taxonomic practices in microbiology from a phenotypic and single gene-driven framework to a genome-based driven framework.
The first initiative, the Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB), was developed to address the needs of microbial taxonomists to classify rapidly accumulating genome sequences from both cultured and uncultured microorganisms. Availability of growing numbers of metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) and single amplified genomes (SAGs), combined with the genomes from cultured species, created a perfect opportunity for building a consensus classification based on an evolutionary framework. This has been realised in the GTDB, a knowledgebase that provides phylogenetically consistent and rank-normalised taxonomies for bacterial and archaeal genomes. A distinctive feature of GTDB is a complete classification of genomes from species to domain using an automated approach combining average nucleotide identity (ANI) and relative evolutionary divergence (RED), followed by manual curation. GTDB has become an essential taxonomic resource for microbiologists worldwide, attracting ~3,500 users per month. GTDB mainly relies on two public databases, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Assembly database to which GTDB releases are indexed and the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN), as the primary nomenclatural reference. The database operates according to the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) data principles and incorporates its own internal (e.g., standards for delineating taxa) as well as external standards. The latter are often directly adopted from the NCBI since it is used as a primary source of genomes as well as metadata. Examples of such standards include Darwin Core data standards from Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG), Minimum Information (MI) about any (x) Sequence (MIxS) and MISAG and MIMAG standards (
The second initiative, the Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes Described from Sequence Data or SeqCode, was developed in response to the need for formal naming of uncultured microbial diversity. This need has become even more evident with the establishment of the GTDB taxonomy, which highlighted many issues with nomenclature of uncultured taxa at scale. These include the absence of nomenclatural types, proposed higher taxon names without named children, and the lack of priority for Candidatus names (a prefix indicating a provisional status for the names of organisms falling outside the existing Prokaryotic Code). All these issues arise from one core issue: the absence of regulations for naming uncultured taxa because the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP;
To avoid naming ambiguity and ensure accurate species descriptions, SeqCode requires that genome sequences designated as types satisfy recommendations on minimal standards for DNA sequences, which are largely adopted from the MISAG and MIMAG standards. The SeqCode Registry also embraces FAIR principles, and was developed with interoperable data structures to facilitate the sharing of its names across global biodiversity resources including GTDB. Recently, we illustrated how SeqCode can be applied, along with the ICNP, by proposing new names for GTDB-defined higher taxonomic names under the two codes (
genomes, MAGs, taxonomic names, Candidatus, prokaryotes
Maria Chuvochina
TDWG 2023